As an essential substance for people’s daily life, milk is a nutritious food that provides vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, as well as depending on the types of milk you drink, some may also have energy-rich fats. However, large amounts of nutrients need to be digested to release their nutritional value. As part of digestion, specific enzymes break down the large amounts of nutrients in milk, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, so your body can absorb and use them.

The strange thing is that some people will have abdominal cramps, diarrhea and paralysis once they have had pure milk. And this reaction is not caused by food spoilage. This symptom is called lactose intolerance. Most of the sugars we consume require enzymes to break it down into simpler sugars. Lactase plays an indispensable role in the process of digesting lactose. If the lactase produced in the small intestine is insufficient, our body will not be able to absorb the lactose in the milk, and the undigested lactose will pass directly through the intestines, causing diarrhea and bloating.

Protein digestion

According to the California Dairy Board, 250 ml of milk contains 8 grams of protein, and 500 ml of milk a day provides the protein needed throughout the day. Protein is a macromolecule that cannot be absorbed by the large intestine. The small intestine is the main part of protein digestion. The digestion of protein in the small intestine mainly depends on various proteases secreted by the pancreas. The digestion products are amino acids and small peptides. Our bodies must break them down into constituents that make up amino acids to be absorbed. Many proteases can do this. Some proteases are exopeptidases that break down amino acids from either end of a protein molecule, while other endopeptidases act in the middle of the protein. Together, these enzymes sever a single amino acid to form a free amino acid library that can be absorbed by small intestinal cells.

Carbohydrate digestion

Lactose or milk sugar is a naturally occurring carbohydrate in milk. Lactose is a disaccharide that cannot be used directly by cells to produce energy, so it needs to be broken down into monosaccharides. There are many disaccharide hydrolases in the digestive tract, such as maltase, sucrase, pectinase etc., and the breakdown of lactose is catalyzed by lactase attached to the outer surface of the intestinal epithelium. Lactose decomposes D-galactose and D-glucose into two kinds of monosaccharides, which can be absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells into the bloodstream and transported to various tissue cells to participate in glycolysis and provide energy for the body.

Fat digestion

Different types of milk contain different amounts of fat. The California Dairy Board points out that non-fat or skim milk does not increase the fat in the diet, while whole milk can give you nearly one gram per ounce. Any fat or lipid in the milk you drink needs to be digested with an enzyme called lipase. This digestive enzyme breaks down fat molecules into monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Like amino acids and monosaccharides, monoglycerides and fatty acids are also small enough to be absorbed by the small intestine.

Lactose intolerance

The problem faced by lactose intolerants is that the activity of lactase in their bodies drops significantly or even completely. The resulting energy gap is a trivial matter, because the human body also ingests many other nutrients to make up for the inability to break down the lactose; the serious problem is that lactose cannot be digested or incompletely digested in the small intestine, then cannot be absorbed. Thus, lactose accumulates in the small intestine, causing an abnormal osmotic concentration difference. At the same time, in the large intestine, undigested lactose is used by bacteria in the large intestine, and the resulting metabolites are toxic to the human body. Thus clinical lactose intolerance symptoms such as bloating, cramps, nausea and diarrhea occur.

What sets the Indian Premiere League apart from the rest of the tournaments and competitions? Without a doubt it is the commercial aspect surrounding the whole shindig. This is the Board of Control of cricket in India’ million dollar brain child that has revolutionized the way the world looks at the game of cricket. It is more than nine teams fighting each other. It is the cutting edge; the penultimate creative concept. It is pure entertainment. And we are not talking about the thrill of watching a sporting event unfold but it is also the fragrance that emanates from a potpourri of the famous personnel and celebrities from all walks of life. Industrialist, socialites, movie star, cricketers and gorgeous cheerleaders make up for unadulterated (maybe a little ‘adultery’ is involved) fun. Below are some more interesting facts about the Indian Premier League:

• It is the first event ever to be broadcasted live on the You tube in the year 2010.

• The night that the western musical legend- Pit Bull performed saw one of the biggest turnover ever.

• The Chennai Super Kings or better known as the ‘CSK’ have secured the highest number of runs by a team in a tournament with an eye popping tally of twelve thousand seven hundred and thirty six runs accumulated at an average of thirty per wicket.

• It needs to acknowledged here that the tournament run average would be marked somewhere between twenty five to twenty six.

• The Mumbai Indians have been regarded as the most economical run getters with a figure of 7.34 runs an over.

• Virender Sehwag (Delhi) became the first player to score 4 consecutive fifty in Indian Premier League (IPL) history.

• Lasith Malinga became the first player to be responsible for not one but two ‘golden ducks’ in a match.

• During the Indian Premier Leagues’ inaugural season in the year 2008, only one team had a non Indian captain- the Rajasthan Royals.

• This is something everyone should be aware of: the organizers of the Indian Premier League tournament in the BCCI.

• According to the Mumbai Indians news and snippets of information, Sanath Jaysuriya while playing for the respective team scored the highest number of sixes with thirty one to his credit.

• IPL news can be followed regularly and even as it happens by logging on to some particular cricket related websites.

Responsible hunting and game management, as well as wildlife conservation, are important aspects of any game hunting. But many find deer hunting to be the most rewarding. Here are some ideas and tips to make that hunting trip a success.

What makes a deer tick (and I don’t mean those pesky bugs)

Deer are known for being at their most active in the dusk and dawn hours, and often sleep during the middle of day and night. It makes sense since most predators are also less active during these times, giving the deer a chance to rest.

Finding that perfect place to set yourself up for the hunt can sometimes be a challenge. If you keep 3 factors in mind however, it could broaden your chances. A deer needs to eat, sleep, and mate…those are their main focuses in life. Simple right? Look for areas that contain rye, clover, or other greens and see if you can’t find some evidence of deer trails around that area. This can also help you to determine the frequency of use for that area by deer. Don’t try to set up camp in areas that have thick, dense brush or that are swampy. While these are areas a deer prefers for its sleep areas, it also makes it an area that alerts them to predators as movement is more easily detected. Areas like that are also harder to hunt in because of the limited visibility. As an alternative, wait on the outskirts of these areas near obvious trails where deer will be more easily seen exiting and entering. Now let’s look at mating season. This is when a hunter has an advantage because a deer’s senses are dulled when it is ready to mate, especially where bucks are concerned.

If you are hunting on land that is owned, it may be a good idea to ask them about any patterns or key locations for finding deer, or where they tend to travel. Deer tend to gravitate towards edges of fields or wood clearings. And if you are lucky enough to be blessed with snow covered ground, you will be able to track those deer movements much better.

What’s that smell?

A deer’s main source of protection is it’s sense of smell and can be the one thing that gives you away. For a start, you don’t want to be using any perfumed products, shampoo, skin cream, soaps, or deodorants before you go hunting. It’s challenging enough to try and cover up our scent. many hunters will use a scent remover which works fairly well for sitting in a stand, or if your hunting for a short period of time. They don’t do a good job however if you have been doing some hefty hiking, running, and..sweating! They can improve your chances though so it may not be a bad idea to try them out for your particular hunting situation. And most important, always try to put yourself in a position where you are upwind from the deer.

Next to a deer’s sense of smell, it’s eyes and ears are a good defense. Slight movements, rustling in the brush, they hear and see it all and are wound tighter than spring. If you see a deer heading your way, remain motionless and soundless. The minute a deer feels it’s in danger it will bolt.

Getting in gear

From camouflage to weapons, the right gear makes a world of difference. Let’s look at camouflage first. camouflage should be able to break up a human silhouette, not just make you look like a tree or bush. A good camouflage needs to break up a silhouette in more open areas as well. Camo with less solid blends are ideal so keep it simple.

Let’s look at hunting rifles. There are such a huge variety of hunting rifles nowadays that it can be hard to know which are the best for those who are new to the sport. The main categories are the automatic, pump, and bolt action. With automatics and pump you have a faster reload and shots. Bolt guns however, due to their double lock design, are great on accuracy. So if accuracy is not your top skill, this is the gun for you. If you can hit a fly square in the eyes from a mile off, go for the faster loading rifles.

Of course you may prefer to hunt with a bow. Crossbows are normally used for deer hunting but take an incredible amount of skill. it’s helpful to get your bow, and yourself, tuned by practicing through the summer, otherwise you just end up getting rusty and can lose chances to bag a deer those first few times you are out hunting again.

The main thing to remember is to use gear that you know will work every time, and that you have real confidence in.

A word on safety

Seasoned hunters know the importance of firearm safety and tree stand safety. Those who are a bit newer to hunting deer however should follow these pointers:

Never blindly shoot into the brush if you hear sound or detect movement. You never know if it’s another hunter or someone’s dog. And make sure no one is near the animal you are aiming for. A high powered rifle’s ammo can travel up to a mile and if you miss, well that bullet has to go somewhere. Make sure it’s not in another human being.

Don’t climb into tree, down a tree, or over a fence with a loaded gun. Hand your gun to a buddy and let them hand it back once you are over. Sounds simple but the amount of rifle accidents I have seen from seasoned and green hunters alike doing just this is unbelievable.

It’s always best to hunt with a buddy. If you can’t do that, then make sure someone knows where you are, and when you are supposed to be expected back.

Make sure you always wear a harness when you are in a tree stand.

Orange – make sure you wear it, and wear it so that it is visible and lets other hunters know you are not a deer. Don’t worry, a deer is color blind and won’t be able to tell the difference.

Be sure the deer is dead before you try moving it. Nothing hurts worse than a kick from a struggling deer.

Never take any mild altering medications, and stay sober when you are actively hunting.

Make sure you have tested out any new hunting equipment before you go hunting just to be sure everything is in working order. And make sure you know how to properly work the equipment you are using.